Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disease caused by a mutation in the neurofibromin 1 gene which affects tissues derived from the neural crest.1 Clinically, it is characterized by a spectrum of defects comprising of neural tumors, cafe-au-lait spots, intertriginous freckling, and skeletal defects. Generalized vitiligo has rarely been reported with neurofibromatosis. Here, we present two cases of NF1 associated with vitiligo and showing the halo phenomenon in neurofibromas.

A 28-year-old male patient who was a known case of NF1 presented with multiple depigmented patches on the skin, which had started developing in the last four years. His family history revealed that his mother also had neurofibromatosis, with no history of any depigmented lesions. Dermatological examination revealed multiple well-demarcated, light-brown macules of size varying from 5 to 50mm present over the trunk, back, and upper limbs. Numerous sessile as well as pedunculated dome-shaped papulonodular lesions of varying sizes, suggestive of neurofibromas, were present over the face, trunk, back, and upper limbs. Some of these lesions were encircled by a depigmented halo. Sharply defined depigmented patches, consistent with a diagnosis of vitiligo and varying between 2 and 7cm in size, were present over back, elbows, and dorsum of hands and feet (Fig. 1). Bilateral axillary freckling was also seen. Slit lamp examination of iris showed the presence of Lisch nodules. Dermoscopy of the vitiligo lesion showed reduced pigmentary network as compared to normal skin (Fig. 2).

Figure 1.

Café-au-lait macules, neurofibromas with perilesional halo, and vitiligo patches over the back.

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Figure 2.

Border of a lesion on dermoscopy, showing reduced pigmentary network in the lesion compared to normal skin.

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The second case was a 35-year-old male patient; a known case of neurofibromatosis presented with depigmented patches involving the normal skin and the skin surrounding the neurofibromas over the previous year. There was a family history of neurofibromatosis in his father and brother. On cutaneous examination, multiple dome-shaped, skin colored papulonodular lesions of variable sizes and soft in consistency were present over the face, trunk, back, and extremities. Some nodules had depigmented halo around them. Multiple well-demarcated, light brown colored patches, 5–20mm in size, were present over back, chest and upper extremities. Sharply demarcated patches of depigmentation suggestive of vitiligo, along with freckles, were present in both the axilla and over the trunk and back. Dermoscopy of the lesion showed reduced pigmentary network.

NF1 is one of the most common autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder, with an estimated prevalence of around 1 in 3500 individuals. It has a highly variable clinical expression and approximately 30–50% of all patients lack a family history of the disease, representing de novo mutations of the NF1 gene.

Friedrich Von Recklinghausen was the first to describe the classical features of the disease and pointed out that the origin of the skin tumor was from peripheral nerves. Café-au-lait macules (CALMs) which are the first sign of NF1, signify the collection of heavily pigmented melanocytes originating from the neural crest in the epidermis. Ninety-five percent of patients of NF1 have CALMs by the time they reach the adulthood. Regarding the pigmentary changes, it was suggested that since the pigment producing melanocyte originates in the neural crest, the presence of pigmentary lesions due to changes in melanocyte cell growth and differentiation can be expected. Cell culture studies have shown that the NF1 gene defect affects melanogenesis in the epidermal melanocytes of NF1 patients, resulting in the various hyperpigmentary changes seen in NF1.2

The halo phenomenon signifies the sudden development of a depigmented halo around a congenital nevus, Spitz nevus, blue nevus, neurofibromas, and malignant melanomas. Shin et al.3 described a case of naevus combined with vitiliginous changes and speculated that the immunological process involved in vitiligo simultaneously affected the underlying dermal naevus cells, causing their degeneration. Gach et al.4 pointed out that clinical and histological similarity between the congenital melanocytic nevi and neurofibromas was because of the fact that both melanocytes and Schwann cells originate from the neural crest (Table 1). The levels of chronically activated CD8+ T-cells are increased in NF1 patients, which provides further evidence that the halo phenomenon in neurofibromas in the presence of generalized vitiligo develops as an immunological response.5

A thorough review of the literature yielded the following cases of neurofibromatosis associated with vitiligo as described in table 1. The sudden appearance of the halo phenomenon in patients of neurofibromatosis should not be treated as a mere co-existence, but as a marker of a much more sinister association between neurofibromatosis and vitiligo. We recommend that further studies should be carried out to provide a greater insight into this complex association.